⏱ 5 min read
References
-
World Health Organization Suicide Worldwide in 2019 (WHO, 2021); https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643
-
World Health Organization Health Determinants, Promotion and Prevention (WHO, 2026); https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/violence-prevention
-
Hou, K. et al. High ambient temperatures are associated with urban crime risk in Chicago. Sci. Total Environ. 856, 158846 (2023).
-
Stechemesser, A., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L. Temperature impacts on hate speech online: evidence from 4 billion geolocated tweets from the USA. Lancet. Planet. Health 6, e714–e725 (2022).
-
Kim, Y. et al. Suicide and ambient temperature: a multi-country multi-city study. Environ. Health Perspect. 127, 117007 (2019).
-
Xu, R., Xiong, X., Abramson, M. J., Li, S. & Guo, Y. Ambient temperature and intentional homicide: a multi-city case-crossover study in the US. Environ. Int. 143, 105992 (2020).
-
Rahman, M. M. et al. Ambient temperature and air pollution associations with suicide and homicide mortality in California: a statewide case-crossover study. Sci. Total Environ. 874, 162462 (2023).
-
Burke, M. et al. Higher temperatures increase suicide rates in the United States and Mexico. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 723–729 (2018).
-
Fernández-Arteaga, V. et al. Association between completed suicide and environmental temperature in a Mexican population, using the Knowledge Discovery in Database approach. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 135, 219–224 (2016).
-
Nicolini, H. et al. Gender differences in suicide and homicide rates in Mexico City during 2019. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 8840 (2022).
-
World Health Organization Suicide (WHO, 2025); https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
-
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Global Study on Homicide 2023 (United Nations, 2023).
-
Naghavi, M. et al. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 403, 2100–2132 (2024).
-
Cornelius, S. L., Berry, T., Goodrich, A. J., Shiner, B. & Riblet, N. B. The effect of meteorological, pollution, and geographic exposures on death by suicide: a scoping review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157809 (2021).
-
Heo, S., Lee, W. & Bell, M. L. Suicide and associations with air pollution and ambient temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147699 (2021).
-
Frangione, B. et al. Short-term changes in meteorological conditions and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Res. 207, 112230 (2022).
-
Bar, S., Bundo, M., de Schrijver, E., Muller, T. J. & Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M. Suicides and ambient temperature in Switzerland: a nationwide time-series analysis. Swiss Med. Wkly 152, w30115 (2022).
-
Iniguez-Montiel, A. J. & Kurosaki, T. Growth, inequality and poverty dynamics in Mexico. Lat. Am. Econ. Rev. 27, 12 (2018).
-
Farias, E. & Teixeira, E. Income inequality and economic growth: an analysis for Brazil and its geographic regions. Gestão Regionalidade 38, 181–196 (2022).
-
Coube, M., Nikoloski, Z., Mrejen, M. & Mossialos, E. Persistent inequalities in health care services utilisation in Brazil (1998–2019). Int. J. Equity Health 22, 25 (2023).
-
Choi, H. M. et al. Temperature, crime, and violence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 132, 106001 (2024).
-
Mahendran, R. et al. Ambient temperature and deaths from homicide in Brazil from 2010–2019: a nationwide space-time–stratified case-crossover study. Am. J. Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwae473 (2024).
-
Fau, L. F. et al. Association of daily temperature with suicide mortality: a comparison with other causes of death and characterization of possible attenuation across 5 decades. Am. J. Epidemiol. 191, 2037–2045 (2022).
-
Bissell, K. E. & Cecala, K. K. Increased interspecific aggression between Appalachian stream salamanders at elevated temperatures. Freshw. Sci. 38, 834–841 (2019).
-
Van Lange, P. A. M., Rinderu, M. I. & Bushman, B. J. Aggression and violence around the world: a model of CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH). Behav. Brain Sci. 40, e75 (2017).
-
Palacio-Mejía, L. S. et al. Leading causes of excess mortality in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2021: a death certificates study in a middle-income country. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 13, 100292 (2022).
-
Harris, M. in Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas (ed. Kalunta-Crumpton, A.) 112–132 (Springer, 2012).
-
Christodoulou, C. et al. Suicide and seasonality. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 125, 127–146 (2012).
-
Cohen, F. & Gonzalez, F. Understanding the link between temperature and crime. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 16, 480–514 (2024).
-
Kim, Y. et al. Suicide and ambient temperature in east asian countries: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 124, 75–80 (2016).
-
Meteorological Conversions and Calculations (NOAA/National Weather Service (NWS)/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–Weather Prediction Center (WPC), 2022); https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/calc.shtml
-
Janes, H., Sheppard, L. & Lumley, T. Case-crossover analyses of air pollution exposure data: referent selection strategies and their implications for bias. Epidemiology 16, 717–726 (2005).
-
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Infographic: Meteorological and Astronomical Seasons (NOAA, 2024); https://www.noaa.gov/education/multimedia/infographic/infographic-meteorological-and-astronomical-seasons
-
Mann, J. J., Michel, C. A. & Auerbach, R. P. Improving suicide prevention through evidence-based strategies: a systematic review. Am. J. Psychiatry 178, 611–624 (2021).
-
Climate Change: World Energy Outlook Special Briefing for COP21 (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2015).
-
Stewart-Ruano, A. A.-O. et al. A critical gap in addressing mental health in heat-health action plans worldwide. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 12, 23 (2025).
-
Solar, C. & Pérez Ricart, C. A. (eds) Crime, Violence, and Justice in Latin America (Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2022); https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003265672
-
Costa, L. F. L. et al. Estimating completeness of national and subnational death reporting in Brazil: application of record linkage methods. Popul. Health Metr. 18, 22 (2020).
-
Kephart, J. L. et al. City-level impact of extreme temperatures and mortality in Latin America. Nat. Med. 28, 1700–1705 (2022).
-
Yang, J. et al. Projecting heat-related excess mortality under climate change scenarios in China. Nat. Commun. 12, 1039 (2021).
-
Smits, J. & Permanyer, I. The subnational human development database. Sci. Data 6, 190038 (2019).

Leave a Reply