An individual participant data meta-analysis of predictors of adherence to internet-based interventions for depression – Nature Mental Health

The R code used for data analysis is publicly available at https://osf.io/azq5k/files/osfstorage.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Clinical, Neuro & Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

   Lingyao Tong, Olga-Maria Panagiotopoulou, Clara Miguel, Mathias Harrer, Arpana Amarnath, Marketa Ciharova, Annemieke van Straten, Heleen Riper, Pim Cuijpers & Eirini Karyotaki

2. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

   Olga-Maria Panagiotopoulou, Arnoud Arntz & Eirini Karyotaki

3. Center for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Paris, France

   Clara Miguel

4. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

   Mathias Harrer

5. Parent-Infant Research Institute and Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

   Alan W. Gemmill & Jeannette Milgrom

6. Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Human Development and Potential, Singapore, Singapore

   Alicia Salamanca-Sanabria

7. College of Health and Care Professionals of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

   Alishia Williams

8. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

   Ana Fonseca

9. Department of Clinical Psychology, Division of eHealth in Clinical Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany

   Anna Carlotta Zarski

10. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Anna Carlotta Zarski & Matthias Berking

11. Arbo Unie, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Anna Geraedts

12. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Anu Raevuori

13. Clinicum, Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Anu Raevuori

14. Division of Clinical Informatics and Digital Transformation, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Arka Ghosh

15. Research Department, GAIA AG, Hamburg, Germany

    Björn Meyer

16. Foundation for Depression and Suicide Prevention, Depression Research Center, Leipzig, Germany

    Caroline Allenhof

17. mentalis GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany

    Christian Aljoscha Lukas

18. Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Christine Knaevelsrud, Manuel Heinrich & Pavle Zagorscak

19. German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Berlin-Potsdam, Berlin-Potsdam, Germany

    Christine Knaevelsrud

20. School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Christopher Williams

21. Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

    Ciyong Lu

22. Amsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Claudi Bockting

23. Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Mental Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Claudi Bockting

24. Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Claudi Bockting

25. Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Claudi Bockting

26. Psychology and Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany

    David Daniel Ebert

27. RED Digital Health Consulting, Dublin, Ireland

    Derek Richards

28. Oregon Research Institute, Springfield, OR, USA

    Edward G. Feil

29. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Elizabeth L. Addington

30. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Erik Forsell

31. Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden

    Erik Forsell

32. Department of Health Psychology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China

    Fenglin Cao

33. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Fernando L. Vázquez

34. School of Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Florien Willemijn Boele

35. Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, the Netherlands

    Florien Willemijn Boele

36. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia

    Frances Kay-Lambkin

37. University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

    Fredrik Holländare

38. Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

    Gerhard Andersson

39. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Gerhard Andersson

40. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Harald Baumeister

41. Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

    Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos

42. Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Isabella Choi

43. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

    Jan Philipp Klein

44. Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

    Jan Philipp Klein

45. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Jeannette Milgrom

46. Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK

    Jeffrey Lambert

47. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Jennifer Dahne

48. Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Jennifer Dahne

49. Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Jesse C. Stewart

50. Imperial Clinical Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Jessica Smith

51. Teaching, Research and Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain

    Jesus Montero-Marin

52. Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Jesus Montero-Marin

53. Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health-CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain

    Jesus Montero-Marin

54. Black Dog Institute, Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Jill Newby & Mark Deady

55. Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Jinane Abi Ramia

56. National Mental Health Programme, Ministry of Public Health of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon

    Jinane Abi Ramia & Rabih El Chammay

57. Institute for Interactive Systems, Technical University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

    Jo Annika Reins

58. Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden

    Johan Lundgren & Peter Johansson

59. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Judith Tedlie Moskowitz

60. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    Kathryn L. Jackson

61. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Kjersti Lillevoll

62. Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

    Kristofer Vernmark

63. Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Lasse B. Sander

64. Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Lina Braun

65. National Health Care Institute Netherlands, Diemen, the Netherlands

    Lisanne Warmerdam

66. Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK

    Liz Littlewood & Simon Gilbody

67. Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain

    Margalida Gili

68. Research Institute of Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain

    Margalida Gili

69. Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain

    Margalida Gili

70. Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

    Martin Kraepelien, Nils Lindefors & Viktor Kaldo

71. Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Michael P. Schaub

72. Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Monica Buhrman

73. Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, USA

    Nicholas R. Forand

74. School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Nickolai Titov

75. Private practice, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Nicole Pugh

76. Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India

    Nitin Gupta

77. Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

    Per Carlbring & Robert Johansson

78. School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Per Carlbring

79. Psychiatry Department, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon

    Rabih El Chammay

80. Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, South Jakarta, Indonesia

    Retha Arjadi

81. Student Wellbeing Programmes, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

    Rianne van der Zanden

82. Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health, King’s College London, London, UK

    Ricardo Araya

83. Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Rico Krämer

84. Research Center for Digital Mental Health Services, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

    Robin Maria Francisca Kenter

85. Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Rosa Boeschoten

86. Mental Health Program, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Rosa Boeschoten

87. Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Samir K. Gupta

88. Clinic of Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany

    Sandra Schlicker

89. Wise Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Sarah Perini

90. Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany

    Stephan Köhler

91. Klinikum Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany

    Stephanie Nobis

92. Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Thomas Berger

93. Depression Research Centre of the German Foundation for Depression and Suicide Prevention, Department for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany

    Ulrich Hegerl

94. Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Vanessa Blanco

95. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden

    Viktor Kaldo

96. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands

    Viktor Pop

97. Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands

    Viola Spek

98. Arjuna Labs, Kentfield, CA, USA

    Wendy Pots

99. Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China

    Yaoyao Sun

100. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

     Yvonne Forsell

101. WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Dissemination of Psychological Interventions, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

     Pim Cuijpers & Eirini Karyotaki

102. Babeș-Bolyai University, International Institute for Psychotherapy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

     Pim Cuijpers

Contributions

L.T., P.Cu. and E.K. conceived and designed this study. L.T. acquired and curated the data, conducted the statistical analyses with input from M.Ha., and drafted the paper. L.T., O.-M.P., C.M., A.Am. and E.K. collected and harmonized the IPD. E.K. and P.Cu. supervised the study. All authors (L.T., O.-M.P., C.M., M.Ha., A.Am., M.C., A.W.G., A.S.-S., A.W., A.F., A.C.Z., A.Ge., A.v.S., A.R., A.Ar., A.Gh., B.M., C.A., C.A.L., C.K., C.W., C.L., C.B., D.D.E., D.R., E.G.F., E.L.A., E.F., F.C., F.L.V., F.W.B., F.K.-L., F.H., G.A., H.B., H.D.H., H.R., I.C., J.P.K., J.M., J.La., J.D., J.C.S., J.S., J.M.-M., J.N., J.A.Ra., J.A.Re., J.Lu., J.T.M., K.L.J., K.L., K.V., L.B.S., L.B., L.W., L.L., M.He., M.G., M.D., M.K., M.Be., M.P.S., M.Bu., N.R.F., N.T., N.P., N.L., N.G., P.Z., P.Ca., P.J., R.E.C., R.Arj., R.v.d.Z., R.Ara., R.K., R.J., R.M.F.K., R.B., S.K.G., S.S., S.P., S.G., S.K., S.N., T.B., U.H., V.B., V.K., V.P., V.S., W.P., Y.S., Y.F., P.Cu. and E.K.) contributed to study conduct and critically reviewed the paper. L.T., O.-M.P., C.M., M.Ha., A.Am., M.C., P.Cu. and E.K. had full access to the anonymized data used in the study. All authors were responsible for the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lingyao Tong.

Competing interests

A.R. has equity ownership in Meru Health Inc. F.W.B. received Speaker fees from Servier, MedScape and MedTalks. N.R.F. has equity in Two Chairs, a tech-enabled behavioral health company headquartered in San Fransisco, CA. The other authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review information

Nature Mental Health thanks Inés Nieto, Xin Wang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.

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